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The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL; (アラビア語:الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام)), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS, ), the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham,〔 Daesh, or simply Islamic State (IS), is a Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group. It is led by and mainly composed of Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria. , it has control over territory in Iraq and Syria with an estimated population of 2.8 million to 5.3 million people.〔citation|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2015/03/mehdi-hasan-how-islamic-islamic-state|title=Mehdi Hasan: How Islamic is Islamic State?|last=Hasan|first=Mehdi|authorlink=Medhi Hasan|work=New Statesman|date=10 March 2015|accessdate=7 July 2015|section=The Theologian|quote=Consider the various statements of Muslim groups such as the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation, representing 57 countries (Isis has "nothing to do with Islam"); the Islamic Society of North America (Isis’s actions are "in no way representative of what Islam actually teaches"); al-Azhar University in Cairo, the most prestigious seat of learning in the Sunni Muslim world (Isis is acting "under the guise of this holy religion . . . in an attempt to export their false Islam"); and even Saudi Arabia’s Salafist Grand Mufti, Abdul Aziz al ash-Sheikh (Isis is "the number-one enemy of Islam").}}〕 The group's adoption of the name "Islamic State" and idea of a caliphate have been widely criticised, with the United Nations, NATO, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups rejecting both. ==Names== The group has had various names since it began.〔 (See One-sided violence – ISIS-civilians – Actor information-ISIS.) Retrieved 5 August 2014.〕 # The group was founded in 1999 by Jordanian radical Abu Musab al-Zarqawi as ''Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād'', "The Organisation of Monotheism and Jihad" (JTJ).〔 # In October 2004, al-Zarqawi Bay'ahDawlah al-ʻIraq al-Islāmiyah'', also known as the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), was announced. The leaders of this group were Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi and Abu Ayyub al-Masri. After they were killed in a US–Iraqi operation in April 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi became the new leader of the group. # On 8 April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group adopted the name Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham, which more fully translates as Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant or Islamic State of Iraq and Syria.〔 These names are translations of the Arabic name ''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī-l-ʻIrāq wa-sh-Shām'', ''al-Shām'' being a description of the Levant or Greater Syria. The translated names are commonly abbreviated as ISIL or ISIS, with a debate over which of these acronyms should be used.〔〔 ''The Washington Post'' concluded that the distinction between the two "is not so great".〔 # The name Da'ish is often used by ISIL's Arabic-speaking detractors. It is based on the Arabic letters Dāl, alif, ʻayn, and shīn, which form the acronym () of ISIL's Arabic name ''al-Dawlah al-Islamīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām''. There are many spellings of this acronym, with "Daesh" gaining acceptance. ISIL considers the acronym Da'ish derogatory because with the appropriate grammatical conjugation it sounds similar to the Arabic words ''Daes'', "one who crushes something underfoot", and ''Dahes'', "one who sows discord".〔 ISIL reportedly uses flogging and the cutting out of tongues to punish those who use the term in areas under its control. In 2015, over 120 British parliamentarians asked the BBC to use the name Daesh, following the example of John Kerry and Laurent Fabius.〔 # On 14 May 2014, the United States Department of State announced its decision to use Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) as the group's primary name.〔 However, in late 2014, top US officials shifted toward using Daesh, since this was the name that their Arab allies preferred to use. # On 29 June 2014, the group renamed itself ''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah'' (, ), and declared itself a worldwide caliphate.〔 Accordingly, "Iraq and Shām" was removed from all official deliberations and communications, and the official name became the Islamic State from the date of the declaration. The name Islamic State and the claim of a caliphate have been widely criticised, with the UN, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups refusing to use the new name.〔〔〔〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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